I was running Traefik as a native NixOS service. Over time, I had added proxy services to let it reach applications in Podman networks. Instead of keeping those extra proxies, I decided to run Traefik itself in Podman and attach it to the required networks.

The container started and its health check passed, but some routes returned 502 Bad Gateway. Requests from another VLAN timed out, and after recreating the container the ingress IP stopped responding.

There were three separate issues:

1. loopback stopped meaning the host;
2. a multi-homed network namespace chose the wrong return route;
3. the macvlan MAC changed while the gateway still remembered the old one.

The container network setup

Native Traefik had accumulated proxy shims to reach services spread across host processes, Podman bridges, and network containers. Moving Traefik itself into Podman let it join application networks directly and removed a layer of socket forwarding.

The resulting Traefik container joined three networks:

• podman_network_vlan_100 for the ingress VIP 10.100.100.21;
• podman_rproxy at 10.89.0.2 for host and internal backends;
• an internet bridge at 172.28.0.12 for outbound access.

flowchart TB
	CLIENTS[Clients and OPNsense] -->|HTTPS to 10.100.100.21| VLAN[macvlan VLAN 100]
	VLAN --> T[Traefik 3.7.5]
	T -->|10.89.0.1 backend ports| HOST[podman_rproxy host gateway]
	HOST --> SERVICES[Netdata, Glances, Cockpit, go2rtc, Home Assistant]
	T -->|container DNS and updates| INET[172.28.0.0/24 Internet bridge]

The three networks worked, but the old Traefik configuration still assumed it was running in the host network namespace.

Host services returned 502

Several file-provider routes still targeted backends such as:

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servers:
  - url: http://127.0.0.1:19999

That URL worked when Traefik was a host process. Inside the container, 127.0.0.1 referred to the Traefik container itself. Netdata, go2rtc, Cockpit, and other host services had not moved with it.

Services on the same Podman bridge continued to work. Only host services and systemd-nspawn backends failed, while the Traefik health check remained green.

I tested from both sides of the namespace boundary:

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# Works from the NixOS host
curl -fsS http://10.89.0.1:8123/

# Initially failed from Traefik's namespace
podman exec traefik wget -qO- -T2 http://10.89.0.1:8123/

The second command showed the problem without involving DNS, TLS or OPNsense.

The fix had three parts:

1. Bind host services to the podman_rproxy gateway, 10.89.0.1, rather than relying on loopback.
2. Allow only the required backend ports on the podman_rproxy interface in the NixOS firewall.
3. Change Traefik’s backend URLs from 127.0.0.1 to 10.89.0.1.

For Netdata, I also widened its application-level allow list from localhost to the 10.89.0.0/24 proxy subnet. Opening the host firewall alone would not have overridden the service’s own filter.

flowchart TB
	subgraph NATIVE[Native Traefik]
		NT[Traefik process] -->|127.0.0.1| NS[Host service]
	end
	subgraph CONTAINER[Containerized Traefik]
		CT[Traefik container] -->|127.0.0.1| SELF[Traefik container loopback]
		CT -->|10.89.0.1| HS[Host service on podman_rproxy]
	end
	NT -. moved into container .-> CT

The 502s disappeared, but off-subnet clients still timed out.

Requests from other VLANs timed out

Traefik had more than one default route because netavark attached multiple networks. The route selected during one container creation was not guaranteed to be the same route selected after another.

Clients on VLAN 100 were on-link with the macvlan VIP, so replies used the connected route and worked. A client from another VLAN reached 10.100.100.21 through OPNsense, but Traefik’s reply followed the internet bridge’s default route. The request entered through the macvlan and the response tried to leave through a different gateway.

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off-subnet request: client -> OPNsense -> Traefik macvlan
wrong reply:        Traefik -> Podman Internet bridge -> nowhere useful

Testing only from VLAN 100 made the setup look correct. I had to test from another VLAN and inspect the route inside Traefik’s network namespace.

Inside Traefik’s network namespace, ip route get <client-address> exposed the selected gateway. I installed an explicit lower-metric default route through the VLAN 100 gateway:

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ip route replace default via 10.100.100.1 metric 50

The internet-bridge route remained at metric 100. This was applied by the NixOS unit after Podman created the namespace, so every recreation restored the same decision.

flowchart TB
	C[Client on another VLAN] -->|request| FW[OPNsense]
	FW -->|10.100.100.21| T[Traefik]
	T -. wrong default before fix .-> I[Internet bridge gateway]
	I -. dropped reply .-> C
	T -->|metric 50 after fix| FW
	FW -->|symmetric reply| C

After the route fix, off-subnet curls returned HTTP 200 and ip route get showed the macvlan gateway. Then a later container recreation broke ingress once more.

The macvlan MAC changed after recreation

The macvlan attachment had a static IP but no static MAC. Podman generated a new MAC when Traefik was recreated. OPNsense and the upstream switching path still associated 10.100.100.21 with the previous MAC.

The container health and route table still looked correct because the stale entry was on OPNsense and the switching path, not inside the container.

I pinned the attachment identity in the Podman network specification:

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"podman_network_vlan_100:ip=10.100.100.21,mac=02:42:0a:64:64:15"

The locally administered 02:42 prefix avoids claiming a vendor identity. The remaining octets encode the private address, which makes the value easy to audit. More importantly, recreation no longer changes the layer-2 identity.

Checks after the migration

A reverse proxy health check proves only that Traefik can answer inside its own namespace. My final test matrix covered each boundary explicitly:

I also checked the gateway neighbor entry after recreation rather than waiting for a browser symptom.

Key points

Moving Traefik into a container changed more than the process manager. The native service could reach host loopback and used the host routing table. The container could use only its attached interfaces and had multiple default routes.

For a similar migration, check all backend bind addresses, test from inside the Traefik container, test ingress from another subnet and recreate the container once before considering it complete. A static macvlan IP should also have a stable MAC when upstream devices keep neighbor entries for it.